What is a Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)? A UTI occurs when bacteria enter the urinary tract and multiply, leading to infection and inflammation. The most common bacteria responsible is Escherichia coli (E. coli), which normally lives in the intestines but can enter the urinary tract. Types of UTIs 1. Lower UTI (More Common) Affects the bladder (cystitis) and urethra Usually mild but uncomfortable 2. Upper UTI (Serious) Affects the kidneys (pyelonephritis) Requires urgent medical attention Causes of UTI Bacterial infection (mainly E. coli) Poor hygiene Holding urine for long periods Sexual activity Use of urinary catheters Blockages like kidney stones

What is Lupus Nephritis? Lupus Nephritis occurs when immune complexes (antibodies) deposit in the kidneys, causing inflammation and affecting their ability to filter waste and fluids properly. It is one of the most serious complications of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and can lead to chronic kidney disease if untreated. Causes of Lupus Nephritis The primary cause is autoimmune activity in SLE: Immune system attacks healthy kidney tissue Formation of immune complexes that deposit in glomeruli Inflammation and scarring of kidney filters

What is Glomerulonephritis? Glomerulonephritis refers to inflammation of the glomeruli, which are responsible for filtering waste and excess fluids from the blood. When these filters are damaged: Protein leaks into urine Blood cells pass into urine Kidney function gets affected Types of Glomerulonephritis 1. Acute Glomerulonephritis Sudden onset Often occurs after infections (like throat or skin infections) 2. Chronic Glomerulonephritis Develops gradually over time May lead to permanent kidney damage